Superoxide enhances interleukin 1β-mediated transcription of the hepatocyte-inducible nitric oxide synthase gene

Background & Aims: Exposure to oxidative stress, as in states of shock, ischemia-reperfusion injury, or sepsis, commonly initiates a complex cellular cascade of interlocking redox modulatory systems that detoxify electrophiles. In interleukin 1 beta (IL-1 beta)-treated rat hepatocytes, we have previously demonstrated that inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) protein expression, steady-state iNOS messenger RNA (mRNA) levels, and NO synthesis are increased by oxidative stress induced by superoxide. The effect of hepatocellular redox state upon iNOS gene transcription has not been previously studied. Methods: Using rat hepatocytes in primary culture, iNOS gene transcription was induced by IL-1 beta, Oxidative stress was mediated by 1,2,3-benzenetriol (BZT), an autocatalytic source of superoxide. Nuclear run-on assays and transient transfection assays using the rat hepatocyte iNOS full-length promoter and deletion constructs were designed to isolate a cis-acting regulatory element. Specificity was confirmed by site-directed mutagenesis, Gel shift analysis determined the presence of a corresponding trans-acting regulatory factor. Results: In IL-1 beta-treated cells, BZT increased iNOS gene transcription without altering mRNA half-life, An antioxidant-responsive element (ARE) was found in the iNOS promoter at base pair -1347, which conferred redox sensitivity. Gel shift analysis identified a corresponding nuclear protein capable of binding to ARE in IL-1 beta- and BZT-treated rat hepatocytes. Conclusions: An ARE in the rat hepatocyte iNOS promoter confers redox sensitivity and augments IL-1 beta-mediated iNOS gene and protein expression in the setting of superoxide treatment.