INTRACRANIAL VENOUS HYPERTENSION AND THE EFFECTS OF VENOUS OUTFLOW OBSTRUCTION IN A RAT MODEL OF ARTERIOVENOUS-FISTULA

A model of rat arteriovenous fistula (AVF) was created using a proximal common carotid artery to distal external jugular vein anastomosis. Anatomical dissections revealed that the external jugular vein is the primary vessel draining intracranial venous blood. Physiological measurements were made with the AVF open and closed, and during venous outflow occlusion of the contralateral external jugular vein. Opening the AVF increased torcular pressure from 6.5 +/- 0.6 to 13.5 +/- 1.1 mm Hg and decreased mean arterial pressure from 82.7 +/- 1.8 to 62.8 +/- 1.8 mm Hg (both P < .05), decreasing cerebral perfusion pressure from 76.2 +/- 1.7 to 49.3 +/- 2.2 mm Hg (P < .05). Middle cerebral artery blood flow velocity (MCA BFV) decreased from 6.8 +/- 1.1 to 4.2 +/- 0.7 cm/s (P < 0.05). In rats with an AVF, occlusion of venous outflow increased torcular pressure to 34.8 +/- 3.1 mm Hg (P < 0.05), MCA BFV decreased to 1.8 +/- 0.5 cm/s (P < 0.05), and severe ischemic changes were seen on the electroencephalogram. Under this condition, torcular pressure and systemic arterial pressure had a positive linear relationship (P < 0.05), whereas in control rats torcular pressure and arterial pressure had no relationship. Restoration of cerebral perfusion pressure by release of venous outflow occlusion and AVF closure transiently increased MCA BFV to 69% above baseline (P < 0.05). Histological examination 1 week after permanent venous outflow occlusion revealed venous infarction, subarachnoid hemorrhage, and severe brain edema in rats with an AVF but not in control rats without an AVF. This model of cerebrovascular steal with venous hypertension reproduces both hemodynamic and hemorrhagic complications of human AVF and emphasizes the importance of venous outflow obstruction and venous hypertension in the pathophysiology of these lesions.