Field trial of a vaccine against new world cutaneous leishmaniasis in an at-risk child population: Safety, immunogenicity, and efficacy during the first 12 months of follow-up

The safety, immunogenicity, and efficacy of a vaccine against cutaneous leishmaniasis in rural Ecuadorian children was assessed in a randomized, controlled, double-blinded study. Vaccine group subjects received 2 intradermal doses of a whole, killed promastigote vaccine cocktail plus bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG) adjuvant. Control subjects got 2 doses of BCG only. The subjects who received both vaccination doses, 438 in the vaccine group (79.3%) and 406 in the control group (83.4%), were followed for 12 months. No serious adverse side effects were identified in either group. Significantly more vaccine group subjects than controls converted to a positive Montenegro skin test (85.1% vs. 20.1%; chi(2) = 279; P <.001). The incidence of cutaneous leishmaniasis was significantly reduced in the vaccine compared with the control group (2.1% vs. 7.6%; chi(2) = 8.95; P <.003). The protective efficacy of the vaccine was 72.9% (95% confidence interval = 36.1%-88.5%).