Translational diffusion of macromolecule-sized solutes in cytoplasm and nucleus

Fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) was used to quantify the translational diffusion of microinjected FITC-dextrans and Ficolls in the cytoplasm and nucleus of MDCK epithelial cells and Swiss 3T3 fibroblasts. Absolute diffusion coefficients (D) were measured using a microsecond-resolution FRAP apparatus and solution standards. In aqueous media (viscosity 1 cP), D for the FITC-dextrans decreased from 75 to 8.4 x 10(-7) cm(2)/s with increasing dextran size (4-2,000 kD). D in cytoplasm relative to that in water (D/D-o) was 0.26 +/- 0.01 (MDCK) and 0.27 +/- 0.01 (fibroblasts), and independent of FITC-dextran and Ficoll size (gyration radii [R-G] 40-300 Angstrom). The fraction of mobile FITC-dextran molecules (f(mob)), determined by the extent of fluorescence recovery after spot photobleaching, was > 0.75 for R-G < 200 Angstrom, but decreased to < 0.5 for R-G > 300 Angstrom. The independence of D/D-o on FITC-dextran and Ficoll size does not support the concept of solute ''sieving'' (size-dependent diffusion) in cytoplasm. Photobleaching measurements using different spot diameters (1.5-4 mu m) gave similar D/D-o, indicating that microcompartments, if present, are of submicron size. Measurements of D/D-o and f(mob) in concentrated dextran solutions, as well as in swollen and shrunken cells, suggested that the low f(mob) for very large macromolecules might be related to restrictions imposed by immobile obstacles (such as microcompartments) or to anomalous diffusion (such as percolation). In nucleus, D/D-o was 0.25 +/- 0.02 (MDCK) and 0.27 +/- 0.03 (fibroblasts), and independent of solute size (R-G 40-300 Angstrom). Our results indicate relatively free and rapid diffusion of macromolecule-sized solutes up to approximately 500 kD in cytoplasm and nucleus.