Altered expression levels and impaired steps in the pathway to phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase activation via insulin receptor substrates 1 and 2 in Zucker fatty rats

To elucidate the mechanism of obesity-related insulin resistance, we investigated the impaired steps in the processes of phosphatidylinositol (PI) 3-kinase activation through binding with insulin receptor substrates 1 and 2 (IRS-1 and IRS-2) in liver and muscle of Zucker fatty rats. The expressions of IRS-1 and IRS-2 were shown to be downregulated in both liver and muscle in fatty rats (hepatic IRS-1, 83%; hepatic IRS-2, 45%; muscle IRS-1, 60%; muscle IRS-2, 78%), resulting in decreased tyrosine phosphorylation in response to insulin stimulation. Despite the decrease in the tyrosine phosphorylation levels of hepatic IRS-1 and IRS-2 being mild to moderate, associated PI 3-kinase activities were dramatically decreased in fatty rats (IRS-1, 14%; IRS-2, 10%), which may suggest alteration in the sites of phosphorylated tyrosine residues of hepatic IRS-1 and IRS-2. In addition, we demonstrated that the expressions of p85 alpha and p55 alpha regulatory subunits of PI 3-kinase were reduced (p85 alpha, 67%; p55 alpha, 54%), and that the p50 alpha regulatory subunit was markedly upregulated (176%) in the livers of fatty rats without apparent alterations in expressions of the catalytic subunits p110 alpha and p110 beta. These alterations may reflect the obesity-related insulin resistance commonly observed human NIDDM.