A method for representing periodic functions and enforcing exactly periodic boundary conditions with deep neural networks

We present a simple and effective method for representing periodic functions and enforcing exactly the periodic boundary conditions for solving differential equations with deep neural networks (DNN). The method stems from some simple properties about function compositions involving periodic functions. It essentially composes a DNN-represented arbitrary function with a set of independent periodic functions with adjustable (training) parameters. We distinguish two types of periodic conditions: those imposing the periodicity requirement on the function and all its derivatives (to infinite order), and those imposing periodicity on the function and its derivatives up to a finite order k(k >= 0). The former will be referred to as C-infinity periodic conditions, and the latter C-k periodic conditions. We define operations that constitute a C-infinity periodic layer and a C-k periodic layer (for any k >= 0). A deep neural network with a C-infinity (or C-k) periodic layer incorporated as the second layer automatically and exactly satisfies the C-infinity (or C-k) periodic conditions. We present extensive numerical experiments on ordinary and partial differential equations with C-infinity and C-k periodic boundary conditions to verify and demonstrate that the proposed method indeed enforces exactly, to the machine accuracy, the periodicity for the DNN solution and its derivatives. (c) 2021 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.