The American Model of the Multinational Firm and the "New" Multinationals From Emerging Economies

The traditional American model of multinational enterprise (NINE), characterized by foreign direct investment (FDI) aimed at exploiting firm-specific capabilities developed at home and a gradual Country-by-country approach of internationalization, dominated the global economy during much of the post-World War II period. In the last two decades, however, new MNEs from emerging, upper-middle-income, or oil-rich countries have followed completety different patterns of international expansion. In this paper we analyze the processes through which these firms became MNEs and to what extent we need a new theory to explain their international growth.