Collateral density, remodeling, and VEGF-A expression differ widely between mouse strains

Substantial variability exists in collateral density and ischemia- induced collateral growth among species. To begin to probe the underlying mechanisms, which are unknown, we characterized two mouse strains with marked differences in both parameters. Immediately after femoral artery ligation, collateral and foot perfusion were lower in BALB/c than C57BL/6 ( P < 0.05 here and below), suggesting fewer pre-existing collaterals. This was confirmed with angiography and immunohistochemistry ( similar to 35% fewer collaterals in the BALB/c's thigh). Recovery of hindlimb perfusion was attenuated in BALB/c, in association with 54% less collateral remodeling, reduced angiogenesis, greater ischemia, and more impaired hindlimb use. Densities of CD45(+) and CD4(+) leukocytes around collaterals increased similarly, but TNF-alpha expression was 50% lower in BALB/c, which may contribute to reduced collateral remodeling. In normal tissues, compared with C57BL/6, BALB/c exhibit an altered arterial branching pattern and, like skeletal muscle above, have 30% fewer collaterals in intestine and, remarkably, almost none in pial circulation, resulting in greatly impaired perfusion after cerebral artery occlusion. Ischemic induction of VEGF- A was attenuated in BALB/c. Analysis of a C57BL/6 X BALB/c recombinant inbred strain dataset identified a quantitative trait locus for VEGF- A mRNA abundance at or near the Vegfa locus that associates with lower expression in BALB/c. This suggests a cis- acting polymorphism in the Vegfa gene in BALB/ c could contribute to reduced VEGF- A expression and, in turn, the above deficiencies in this strain. These findings suggest these strains offer a model to investigate genetic determinants of collateral formation and growth in ischemia.