Effects of adrenomedullin and vascular endothelial growth factor on ischemia/reperfusion injury in skeletal muscle in rats

Background: In this study we investigated the effects of adrenomedullin (AM) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) on skeletal muscle ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury in a rat model. Materials and methods: Thirty-six Wistar rats were randomized into six groups (n = 6). Laparotomy was performed in all groups under general anesthesia. Nothing else was done in Group S (Sham). The Group I/R underwent I/R performed by clamping and declamping of the infrarenal abdominal aorta for 120 min, respectively. Group VEGF and Group AM received intravenous infusion of VEGF (0.8 mu g/kg) or AM (12 mu g/kg) respectively, without I/R. Group I/R + VEGF and Group I/R + AM received intravenous infusion of VEGF (0.8 mu g/kg) or AM (12 mu g/kg) immediately after 2 h period of ischemia, respectively. At the end of reperfusion period, skeletal muscle samples of lower extremity were taken from all groups for biochemical and histopathologic examinations. Results: Tissue levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), nitric oxide (NO), and hypoxia inducible factor 1 alpha (HIF 1 alpha) were found to be significantly higher in Group I/R than the levels in Group S (P < 0.05). Tissue levels of MDA, SOD, NO, and HIF 1 alpha were significantly lower in Group I/R + AM compared with the levels in Group I/R (P < 0.05). In Group I/R + VEGF, tissue levels of MDA and NO were significantly lower than the levels in Group I/R (P < 0.05). No statistically significant difference was found in the tissue levels of catalase among the groups. Histologic examination revealed a larger central muscular necrosis than the peripheral necrosis, red blood cells in the lumens of capillary vessels, and a stronger atrophy and elliptical or round shape in muscle fibers in Group I/R. Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase mediated dUPT nick end labeling (TUNEL)-positive cell count was significantly lower in groups I/R + AM and I/R + VEGF than Group I/R (P < 0.0001, P < 0.0001, respectively). Conclusions: These results indicate that AM and VEGF have protective effects on I/R injury in skeletal muscle in a rat model. (C) 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.