A shift from CIM to CHIM

This article records empirical research that aims to demonstrate and explain a shift from a Computer Integrated Manufacturing (CIM) paradigm to a Computer and Human Integrated Manufacturing (CHIM) paradigm. The research is supported by empirical evidence from Norwegian and Danish companies. The empirical data are collected by means of both survey and case studies. The main conclusion is that companies tend to move towards the CIM paradigm first and experience lower performance, then shift from CIM to the CHIM paradigm. The reasons and implications of such a paradigm shift are discussed. A simple questionnaire is included for the purpose of self-assessment.