Risk factors for stroke in type 2 diabetes mellitus - United Kingdom prospective diabetes study (UKPDS) 29

Objective: To investigate modifiable and nonmodifiable risk factors for stroke in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Patients and Methods: A total of 3776 patients aged 25 to 65 years newly diagnosed as having type 2 diabetes mellitus without known cardiovascular or other serious disease were studied for a median of 7.9 years. An initial stepwise evaluation of risk factors was done in 2704 patients with all risk factors measured, with the final Cox model analysis being of 3776 patients who had complete data on the selected variables. Results: Of 3776 patients, 99 (2.6%) had a stroke. Significant risk factors for stroke in a multivariate model were age (estimated hazard ratio [95% confidence interval], 4.78 [2.56-8.92] for greater than or equal to 60 vs <50 years), male sex (1.63 [1.08-2.47)] vs female), hypertension (2.47 [1.64-3.74)] vs normotension), and in 3728 patients who had electrocardiography at study entry, atrial fibrillation (8.05 [3.52-18.44] vs sinus rhythm). Obesity, lack of exercise, smoking, poor glycemic control, hyperinsulinemia, dyslipidemia, and microalbuminuria were not significantly associated with stroke in the model. Conclusion: In patients with type 2 diabetes, aggressive antihypertensive therapy and routine anticoagulation therapy for atrial fibrillation may reduce the risk of stroke.